What formula is used to determine the total stopping distance of a vehicle?

The formula for determining the total stopping distance of a vehicle is based on the components of perception distance, reaction distance, and braking distance.

Perception distance refers to the distance a vehicle travels while the driver identifies a hazard and decides to react. This includes the time taken for the driver to recognize a situation that requires braking.

Reaction distance is the distance the vehicle travels during the time it takes for the driver to physically react to the decision to stop, which typically involves moving the foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal.

Braking distance is the distance the vehicle continues to travel while it is slowing down to a stop once the brakes are applied. This distance is influenced by vehicle speed, road conditions, and braking force.

Together, these three distances create the total stopping distance. The other choices include distances or terms that do not accurately represent the components necessary for calculating total stopping distance, such as acceleration distance and parking distance, which are not relevant to the braking process.